Paper I
1.1 Meaning, Scope, and Development of Anthropology
1.2 Relationships with Other Disciplines
- Social Sciences
- Behavioral Sciences
- Life Sciences
- Medical Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Humanities
1.3 Main Branches of Anthropology: Scope and Relevance
- Social-Cultural Anthropology
- Biological Anthropology
- Archaeological Anthropology
- Linguistic Anthropology
1.4 Human Evolution and Emergence of Man
- Biological and cultural factors in human evolution
- Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian, and Post-Darwinian)
- Synthetic theory of evolution; terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution)
1.5 Characteristics of Primates
- Evolutionary trends and taxonomy
- Adaptations (arboreal and terrestrial)
- Behavior, anatomy, and skeletal changes due to erect posture
1.6 Phylogenetic Status, Characteristics, and Geographical Distribution
- Plio-Pleistocene hominids (Australopithecines, Homo erectus, Neanderthal man, Rhodesian man, and Homo sapiens)
1.7 Biological Basis of Life
- Cell, DNA structure, replication, protein synthesis, chromosomes, mutations, cell division
1.8 Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology
- Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods
- Cultural evolution (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Copper-Bronze Age, Iron Age)
2. Culture and Society
2.1 The Nature of Culture
- Concepts of culture and civilization
- Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism
2.2 The Nature of Society
- Concepts of society, institutions, groups, and stratification
2.3 Marriage
- Definition, universality, and laws (endogamy, exogamy, incest taboo, etc.)
- Types and functions of marriage; marriage payments (bride wealth, dowry)
2.4 Family
- Definitions, universality, and functions
- Types of families; impact of urbanization and industrialization
2.5 Kinship
- Principles, types, and forms of descent
- Kinship terminology; descent, filiation, and alliances
3. Economic Organization
- Meaning, scope, and relevance of economic anthropology
- Principles governing production, distribution, and exchange
4. Political Organization and Social Control
- Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom, state
- Concepts of power, authority, legitimacy, law, and justice
5. Religion
- Anthropological approaches to religion
- Forms of religion (animism, animatism, totemism, etc.)
- Relationship between religion, magic, and science
6. Anthropological Theories
- Classical evolutionism, diffusionism, functionalism, structuralism, neo-evolutionism
- Culture and personality, cultural materialism, symbolic and interpretive theories, post-modernism
7. Culture, Language, and Communication
- Nature, origin, and characteristics of language
- Verbal and non-verbal communication
8. Research Methods in Anthropology
- Fieldwork tradition
- Tools of data collection: observation, interviews, genealogy, case studies, etc.
- Analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data
9. Biological Anthropology
9.1 Human Genetics
- Methods for studying genetics (pedigree analysis, twin studies, DNA technology, etc.)
9.2 Mendelian Genetics in Humans
- Inheritance patterns (single factor, multifactor, polygenic)
9.3 Genetic Polymorphism and Selection
- Hardy-Weinberg law, mutation, isolation, inbreeding, and genetic drift
9.4 Chromosomal Aberrations in Humans
- Numerical and structural aberrations (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome)
9.5 Race and Racism
- Biological basis of racial classification and differentiation
9.6 Genetic Markers and Population Variation
- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, physiological characteristics
9.7 Ecological Anthropology
- Biocultural adaptations and physiological responses to environmental stress
9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology
- Health, disease, and nutritional deficiencies
10. Human Growth and Development
- Stages of growth (prenatal, childhood, adolescence, senescence)
- Factors affecting growth (genetic, environmental, cultural)
11. Fertility and Demographic Studies
11.1 Relevance of Bio-events
- Menarche, menopause, fertility patterns
11.2 Demographic Theories
- Biological, social, and cultural theories
11.3 Factors Influencing Fecundity and Mortality
- Biological and socio-ecological factors
12. Applications of Anthropology
- Anthropology of sports, nutritional anthropology
- Forensic anthropology, personal identification, genetic counseling
- DNA technology in diseases, serogenetics, cytogenetics
Paper II
1. Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization
1.1 Prehistoric Period
- Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Neolithic-Chalcolithic periods
- Protohistoric period: Indus Civilization (Pre-Harappan, Harappan, and Post-Harappan cultures)
- Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization
1.2 Palaeo-Anthropological Evidences
- Special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada Basin:
- Ramapithecus
- Sivapithecus
- Narmada Man
1.3 Ethno-Archaeology in India
- Concept of ethno-archaeology
- Survivals and parallels among:
- Hunting, foraging, and fishing communities
- Pastoral and peasant communities
- Arts and crafts-producing communities
2. Demographic Profile of India
- Ethnic and linguistic elements in Indian population and their distribution
- Factors influencing population structure and growth
3. Traditional Indian Social System
3.1 Structure and Nature
- Varnashram, Purushartha, Karma, Rina, and Rebirth
3.2 Caste System in India
- Structure and characteristics of caste and Varna
- Theories of caste origin
- Concepts:
- Dominant caste
- Caste mobility
- Future of caste system
- Jajmani system
- Tribe-caste continuum
3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex
3.4 Impact of Religions on Indian Society
- Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, and Christianity
4. Contributions to Indian Studies
- Contributions of 18th, 19th, and early 20th-century scholar-administrators
- Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies
5. Indian Villages and Socio-Cultural Change
5.1 Indian Villages
- Significance of village studies in India
- Indian village as a social system
- Patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations
- Agrarian relations
- Impact of globalization
5.2 Linguistic and Religious Minorities
- Social, political, and economic status
5.3 Processes of Socio-Cultural Change
- Sanskritization, Westernization, and Modernization
- Interplay of little and great traditions
- Panchayati Raj and social change
- Media and its impact on social change
6. Tribal Situation in India
6.1 Characteristics of Tribal Populations
- Bio-genetic variability
- Linguistic and socio-economic traits
- Distribution
6.2 Problems of Tribal Communities
- Land alienation
- Poverty and indebtedness
- Low literacy and poor educational facilities
- Unemployment and under-employment
- Health and nutrition issues
6.3 Developmental Projects and Impact
- Tribal displacement and rehabilitation
- Forest policy and its impact on tribals
- Effects of urbanization and industrialization
7. Issues of Exploitation and Deprivation
7.1 Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
- Problems of exploitation and deprivation
- Constitutional safeguards
7.2 Social Change in Tribal Societies
- Impact of:
- Modern democratic institutions
- Development programs and welfare measures
7.3 Ethnicity and Tribal Movements
- Concept of ethnicity
- Ethnic conflicts and political developments
- Tribal unrest and regionalism
- Pseudo-tribalism
- Social change during colonial and post-independence India
8. Impact of Religions on Tribal Societies
8.1 Influence of Religions
- Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and others
8.2 Tribe and Nation-State
- Comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries
9. Tribal Administration and Development
9.1 Tribal Policies and Programs
- History of tribal area administration
- Tribal policies, plans, and development programs
- Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs):
- Distribution
- Special development programs
- Role of NGOs in tribal development
9.2 Role of Anthropology
- Tribal and rural development
9.3 Anthropology and Social Issues
- Understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political movements